|
Table I: Parameters For/Against Evolution |
For |
Nuetral |
Against |
| Inability to produce protein from inorganic material; without the presence of pre-existing organic material. |
|
|
X |
| Inability to produce a cell membrane from inorganic material. |
|
|
X |
| Chicken and egg relationship between DNA, RNA, and protein. |
|
|
X |
| Eigen's Paradox: big genomes require replication enzymes to maintain accuracy. But, replication enzymes require large genomes. Primitive genomes were too small to code for replication Enzymes |
|
|
X |
| Mutations are overwhelmingly deleterious (99.9% produce a decrease in fitness). Only one mutation in 1000 is beneficial. |
|
|
X |
| The concept of "natural selection" is contradicted by rapid collection of polymorphism. Therefore Kimura's theory of neutral mutation with random drift is required in order to counter the contradiction. |
|
|
X |
| Hardy-Weinberg law: the incidence of alleles in normally occurring genomes cannot be changed; even in the presence of dominant or recessive traits. "Mueller's ratchet" prohibits avoidance of the Law. |
|
|
X |
| Genome chromatin increases from the lower taxa to the higher taxa. But there is no mechanism by which replicating cells can produce increasing amounts of chromatin/ DNA. Cells replicate DNA molecule for molecule. The amount of DNA in each genome is fixed. Thus, genetic Complex Specified Information is fixed. |
|
|
X |
| The individual work of Hirotsune, Lee and Winshaw-Boris contradict the concept of "junk genes". Therefore, there is no unused DNA available to create ascending taxa from existing genomes. (See chart number 1, below) |
|
|
X |
| The Cambrian explosion of thousands of new life forms; without precursor organisms contradicts evolution. |
|
|
X |
| The absence of empiric evidence that would demonstrate the ability to change one species into another contradicts evolution. |
|
|
X |
| The overwhelming evidence of Irreducible Complexity as demonstrated by Behe; and others. |
|
|
X |
| The perfect integration of form matched to the function of organisms. Evolution would demand that function be subordinate to evolutionary form. If evolution were true, there should be miss-matches. |
|
|
X |
| Fixation of echinoderm larva in the larval stage is postulated to have produced the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition. If true, male and female larva would had to have mutated in the same place at the same time -- since sex is fixed from the beginning. |
|
|
X |
| Transition from lateral vision to binocular vision requires the simultaneous formation of nasal and temporal division of both retinas at the optic chiasm; if organisms were to have maintained functional vision and fitness during transition. (Figure 2) |
|
|
X |
| The googols upon googols of original totipotential cells, all with the same potential for evolution should have produced multiple varied trees of life -- not just a single classifiable tree. |
|
|
X |
|
Table I Continued... |
For |
Nuetral |
Against |
| Disagreement among biologists with regard to the mode of evolution: neo-Darwinism ("natural selection"); vs. neutral theory of Motoo Kimura (neutral selection with random drift); vs. punctuated equilibrium (sudden major mutations), etc. |
|
X |
|
| Genetic engineering, using recombinant DNA, demonstrates that similar genes, in various genomes, can produce similar effects in the phenotypes of any genome. |
|
X |
|
| Phenotype Homology: i.e., similar to genetic engineering, above, suggests that phenotype homology is geneticly engineered into phenotypes as a consequence of design. |
|
X |
|
| Intraspecies variation, with adaptation to the environment, i.e. microevolution: an expected statistical selection on the basis of the naturally occurring permutations and combinations which take place at the molecular level. |
|
X |
|
| Frequency of Galapagos Island finch beaks changed with drought; and reverted back to normal frequency when the drought ended. |
|
X |
|
| Frequency of light-colored vs. dark-colored peppered moths favored dark-colored moths during the period of "industrial melanism"; but reverted back to normal when the environment was cleaned up. |
|
X |
|
| The taxa of the organisms encountered in various geologic strata ascend in complexity as the geologic record ascends. |
|
X |
|
| The inversion of the rods and cones of mammalian retinas has been referenced as a design error; if they were the result of design. However, sensitivity is not the problem. Photoreceptor cells can be stimulated by a single photon. Therefore, glare, cellular debris in the vitreous, and the need for rapid restoration of retinal is the problem. The inversion of the retina into the pigmented epithelium answers these problems by design. |
|
X |
|
| H. P. Yockey's calculations that the parameters of information theory require a longer period of time for the development of the taxa than the age of the Earth allows, is mute. Information theory does not apply because DNA is reproduced by induction. |
|
X |
|
| The molecular clock theory of Pauling and Zukerkandl, i.e.: correlation of variation in the genetic coding sequences of the taxa with geologic time: The problem is the variation in generation rates of populations; for example fleas from vs. dogs, etc. |
|
X |
|
| The Urey-Miller Experiment. The experiment was incongruous with fact. Current geologic understanding precludes a reducing atmosphere; a few amino acids were formed (and no functional, native proteins); and then, only because oxygen was kept out and tar was removed from the reaction chamber. |
|
X |
|
| Haeckel's Embryos and the theory that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Actual photographs of developing embryos demonstrate that Haeckel fudged the representations he made. Human embryos never develop gill slits. |
|
X |
|
| Similarity of Homeobox genes vs. Irreducible Complexity? |
X? |
|
|
| Overlap of gene type and expression in various taxa. (But, this could actually be designed computer call-return, not evolution). |
X? |
|
|
|
Summary of Parameters For and Against Evolution |
For |
Nuetral |
Against |
|
|
2? |
12 |
16 |
